Differential Diagnoses
In Heart Disease
© William Herring, MD, FACR
ABCs of Heart Disease
●
Pattern recognition approach
●
Requires heart to assume adult shape
●
Works from 2 years and older
Neonates and Infants
●
Heart is globular in shape
●
Requires examination of
■
Pulmonary vasculature
●
Requires knowledge of
■
Presence or absence of cyanosis
●
Must memorize 4 lists of
DDXs with 5 diagnoses on each
Pattern Recognition in the Newborn
●
Even some newborn hearts have a
characteristic shape
●
Aunt Minnie, Uncle Murray, Cousin
Angie and Cardio Cat
Nine Lesions Which Produce 75% of All Severe
Congenital Heart Lesions In the Neonate
Decreased flow
1. Tetralogy of Fallot
2. Tricuspid Atresia
3. Severe Pulmonic Stenosis
4. Ebstein’s
Increased Flow
5. Transposition
6. VSD
Nine Lesions Which Produce 75% of All Severe
Congenital Heart Lesions In the Neonate
Pulmonary venous hypertension
7. Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
8. Coarctation of the aorta
9. TAPVR with infradiaphragmatic obstruction
What remains
Left-to-right shunts
ASD
PDA
Truncus arteriosus
Cyanotic
Cyanotic
Cyanosis With Decreased Vascularity
T
ransposition*
T
ricuspid atresia*
T
runcus-type IV
T
etralogy of Fallot
Ebstein's
* Also appears on DDx of Cyanosis with
Vascularity
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Ebstein’s Anomaly
Marked Cardiomegaly at Birth with Cyanosis,
Vasculature
Cyanotic
Cyanotic
Cyanosis With Increased Vascularity
T
ransposition*
T
ricuspid atresia*
T
runcus types I, II, III
T
APVR
Single ventricle
* Also appears on DDx of Cyanosis with
Vascularity
Total
anomalous
venous
return
(TAPVR)
Type 1
Total
anomalous
venous
return
(TAPVR)
Type 1
Acyanotic
Acyanotic
Cardiomegaly with Normal Vasculature
Viral myocarditis
Endocardial fibroelastosis
Aberrant left coronary artery
Cystic medial necrosis
Diabetic mother
Acyanotic
Acyanotic
Infant of diabetic mother
Infant of diabetic mother
CHF In Newborn
Impede Return of Flow to Left Heart
Infantile coarctation
Congenital aortic stenosis
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Congenital mitral stenosis
Cor triatriatum
Obstruction to venous return from
lungs
TAPVR from below diaphragm
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
CHF In
Chronologic Sequence
CHF In
Chronologic Sequence
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Hypoplastic Left
Heart Syndrome
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Hypoplastic Left
Heart Syndrome
2-6 weeks
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Hypoplastic Left
Heart Syndrome
2-6 weeks
Infantile Coarctation
Commonest Cause of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Hypoplastic Left
Heart Syndrome
2-6 weeks
Infantile Coarctation
1-4 months
Commonest Causes of CHF
In Chronologic Sequence
Time
Cause
< 24 hrs
Intrauterine Arrhythmia
First week
Hypoplastic Left
Heart Syndrome
2-6 weeks
Infantile Coarctation
1-4 months
Large L
R shunts
Common Principles
Common Principles
Principles
Left-to-right shunts
→
increased flow to
lungs
Increased flow to the lungs is 2° left-to-
right shunts
Increased flow ≠ pulmonary venous
hypertension
ASD
MS
Principles
Pulmonary venous hypertension is
caused by CHF or
mitral stenosis
Mitral regurgitation
does not produce
pulmonary venous hypertension
Laminar effusions
are 2°
pulmonary
venous hypertension
Laminar Effusion
Principles
Obstruction to outflow
→ hypertrophy
in ventricles
Obstruction to outflow → enlargement
of atria
Regurgitation → larger chambers than
stenosis
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
Principles
Cardiomegaly is caused by ventricular
enlargement
Cardiomegaly is not caused by atrial
enlargement
Mitral Stenosis
Principles
Right-to-left shunts produce cyanosis
Rib notching only occurs in the high
pressure circuit
Calcification of the PA or left atrium is
2° PAH
Principles
CHF
Kerley B lines
Pleural effusions
Fluid in the fissures
Peribronchial cuffing
A
B
C
D
Principles
Valves
The aortic valve lies over spine and
above the diagonal line on the lateral
The mitral valve lies to left of spine and
below
diagonal line on the lateral
The pulmonic valve is never replaced
Mitral and Aortic Valves
Patient with prosthetic mitral and aortic valves
A
M
Most Commons
Most common congenital
cardiac lesion
1.
Bicuspid aortic valve
2.
VSD
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common congenital
cardiac lesion
1.
Bicuspid aortic valve
2.
VSD
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common congenital heart lesion
(excluding bicuspid aortic valve)
1.
Truncus arteriosus
2.
Prolapsing mitral valve
3.
VSD
Most common congenital heart lesion
(excluding bicuspid aortic valve)
1.
Truncus arteriosus
2.
Prolapsing mitral valve
3.
VSD
Most common cause
of CHF in neonate
1.
Infantile coarctation
2.
VSD
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common cause
of CHF in neonate
1.
Infantile coarctation
2.
VSD
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common cause
of CHF > 2 weeks
1.
PDA
2.
VSD
3.
Infantile coarctation of the aorta
Most common cause
of CHF > 2 weeks
1.
PDA
2.
VSD
3.
Infantile coarctation of the aorta
Most common cause of cyanosis
in
newborn
(from cardiac dz)
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition of the great vessels
3.
Tricuspid atresia
Most common cause of cyanosis
in
newborn
(from cardiac dz)
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition of the great vessels
3.
Tricuspid atresia
Most common cause of cyanosis
in
older child
(from cardiac dz)
1.
Coarctation of the aorta
2.
Tetralogy of Fallot
3.
Transposition
Most common cause of cyanosis
in
older child
(from cardiac dz)
1.
Coarctation of the aorta
2.
Tetralogy of Fallot
3.
Transposition
Most common
cyanotic heart disease
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
Most common
cyanotic heart disease
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
Most common
L to R shunt
1.
ASD
2.
VSD
3.
PDA
Most common
L to R shunt
1.
ASD
2.
VSD
3.
PDA
Most common L to R shunt
dx’d in adulthood
1.
ASD
2.
PDA
3.
VSD
Most common L to R shunt
dx’d in adulthood
1.
ASD
2.
PDA
3.
VSD
Most common L to R shunt
associated with other CHD
1.
ASD
2.
PDA
3.
VSD
Most common L to R shunt
associated with other CHD
1.
ASD
2.
PDA
3.
VSD
Most common type of
right aortic arch
1.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
2.
Right arch with mirror image branching
3.
Right arch with aberrant RSCA
Most common type of
right aortic arch
1.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
2.
Right arch with mirror image branching
3.
Right arch with aberrant RSCA
Right aortic arch most
commonly associated with CHD
1.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
2.
Right arch with mirror image branching
3.
Right arch with aberrant RSCA
Right aortic arch most
associated with CHD
1.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
2.
Right arch with mirror image branching
3.
Right arch with aberrant RSCA
The disease most frequently
associated with a R Ao arch
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
The disease most frequently
associated with a R Ao arch
Most common disease found in
association with a right Ao arch
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
1.
Tetralogy of Fallot
2.
Transposition
3.
Truncus arteriosus
Most common disease found in
association with a right Ao arch
Most common type of ASD
1.
Ostium primum
2.
Ostium secundum
3.
Sinus venosis
Most common type of ASD
1.
Ostium primum
2.
Ostium secundum
3.
Sinus venosis
Most common type of VSD
1.
Membranous
2.
Perimembranous
3.
Supracristal
Most common type of VSD
1.
Membranous
2.
Perimembranous
3.
Supracristal
Most common type of TAPVR
1.
Cardiac
2.
Infracardiac
3.
Supracardiac
Most common type of TAPVR
1.
Cardiac
2.
Infracardiac
3.
Supracardiac
Most common type of
Aortic Coarctation
1.
Adult
2.
Infantile
3.
Post-adult
Most common type of
Aortic Coarctation
1.
Adult
2.
Infantile
3.
Post-adult
Most common type of
Truncus Arteriosus
1.
Type I
2.
Type II
3.
Type III
Most common type of
Truncus Arteriosus
1.
Type I
2.
Type II
3.
Type III
Most common cardiac tumor
1.
Rhabdomyoma
2.
Metastatic disease
3.
Myxoma
Most common cardiac tumor
1.
Rhabdomyoma
2.
Metastatic disease
3.
Myxoma
Most common cardiac malignancy
1.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
2.
Metastatic disease
3.
Myxoglobuloma
Most common cardiac malignancy
1.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
2.
Metastatic disease
3.
Myxoglobuloma
Most common 1
°
benign heart tumor
1.
Myxoma
2.
Rhabdomyoma
3.
Lipoma
Most common 1
°
benign heart tumor
1.
Myxoma
2.
Rhabdomyoma
3.
Lipoma
Most common 1
°
tumor of heart in child
1.
Fibroma
2.
Neurofibroma
3.
Rhabdomyoma
4.
Myxofibroglobuloma
Most common 1
°
tumor of heart in child
1.
Fibroma
2.
Neurofibroma
3.
Rhabdomyoma
4.
Myxofibroglobuloma
Most common CHD in Down Syndrome
1.
Cor triatriatum
2.
Tricuspid atresia
3.
Atrioventricular canal defects
Most common CHD in Down Syndrome
1.
Cor triatriatum
2.
Tricuspid atresia
3.
Atrioventricular canal defects
Most common cause
of pericardial effusion
1.
MI with LV failure
2.
Coxsackie virus
3.
Trauma
Most common cause
of pericardial effusion
1.
MI with LV failure
2.
Coxsackie virus
3.
Trauma
CHD most commonly associated
with pericardial abnormalities
1.
ASD
2.
AV Communis
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
CHD most commonly associated
with pericardial abnormalities
1.
ASD
2.
AV Communis
3.
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Most common cause of a
calcified aortic valve
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of a
calcified aortic valve
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of
calcified mitral
annulus
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of
calcified mitral
annulus
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of
calcified mitral
valve
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of
calcified mitral
valve
1.
Degenerative process
2.
Congenital anomaly
3.
Rheumatic heart disease
Most common cause of
calcification of the left atrial wall
1.
Left atrial myxoma
2.
Left atrial infarction
3.
Mitral stenosis
Most common cause of
calcification of the left atrial wall
1.
Left atrial myxoma
2.
Left atrial infarction
3.
Mitral stenosis
Most common cause of
calcification of pulmonary arteries
1.
PDA
2.
Pulmonic stenosis
3.
Prolonged pulm. hypertension
Most common cause of
calcification of pulmonary arteries
1.
PDA
2.
Pulmonic stenosis
3.
Prolonged pulm. hypertension
Most common site
of pulmonic stenosis
1.
Subvalvular
2.
Valvular
3.
Supravalvular
Most common site
of pulmonic stenosis
1.
Subvalvular
2.
Valvular
3.
Supravalvular
Most common site
of aortic rupture
1.
Proximal to right common carotid
2.
Proximal to left subclavian
3.
Distal to left subclavian
Most common site
of aortic rupture
1.
Proximal to right common carotid
2.
Proximal to left subclavian
3.
Distal to left subclavian
Most common vascular ring
1.
Pulmonary sling
2.
Double aortic arch
3.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
Most common vascular ring
1.
Pulmonary sling
2.
Double aortic arch
3.
Right arch with aberrant LSCA
Most commonly associated
with severe CHD
1.
Asplenia
2.
Polysplenia
3.
Eusplenia
Most commonly associated
with severe CHD
1.
Asplenia
2.
Polysplenia
3.
Eusplenia
CHD most commonly
associated with asplenia syndrome
1.
Tricuspid atresia
2.
Transposition
3.
TAPVR
CHD most commonly
associated with asplenia syndrome
1.
Tricuspid atresia
2.
Transposition
3.
TAPVR (100%)
The End